Buying a Car at Auctions

Recently one of my friends bought a car in an auction. What is the thing to consider is the price he paid for it. Unbelievably he got the car at nearly 45 per cent discount price which is a really dead cheap for what he got. But when he made a check on the car with a mechanic, he found some considerable repairs to be made for a smooth ride.

Though that didn’t cost much for his pocket, there is nothing like saving when he calculated the price of the car and the repairs done to it. But at the end my friend left with a good experience in buying a used car that too at the public auctions. Here are the two important benefits of buying a car at the auctions according to him.

At auctions the bid starts at a dead cheap price, some times at 70 to 90 per cent discount. You will be lucky if you got the deal at that price. The closure of the bid may end at a higher note depending on the participants in the auction and on the car like the make, model, history and usage etc.

One more thing is you can get a rare model at the auctions and in some cases the imported ones. If you have a make and model in mind, check online auctions for that, you have a better chance to find it there.


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Mentorship In The Organizations

Mentorship refers to a developmental relationship between a more experienced mentor and a less experienced partner referred to as a mentee or protege -- a person guided and protected by a more prominent person.

There are two types of mentoring relationships: formal and informal. Informal relationships develop on their own between partners. Formal mentoring, on the other hand, refers to assigned relationships, often associated with organizational mentoring programs designed to promote employee development. In well-designed formal mentoring programs, there are program goals, schedules, training (for mentors and mentees), and evaluation. Mentors inspire their mentee to follow their dreams. There are many kinds of mentoring relationships—from school- or community-based relationships to e-mentoring relationships.

In 1990, Mentor created The Elements of Effective Practice, a crucial tool for state and local mentoring organizations matching mentors and youth mentees in formal, high-quality mentoring relationships of all kinds. Revised and updated several years later with a companion toolkit, The Elements guidebook reflects the latest in quality mentoring research, policies, and practices.

For example, in some programs, newcomers to the organization (protégés) are paired with more experienced people (mentors) in order to obtain information, good examples, and advice as they advance. It is considered that new employees who are paired with a mentor are twice as likely to remain in their job as those who do not get mentorship.

In other cases, mentoring is used to groom up-and-coming employees deemed to have the potential to move up into leadership roles. Here the employee (protégé) is paired with a senior level leader (or leaders) for a series of career-coaching interactions. A similar method of high-potential mentoring is to place the employee in a series of jobs in disparate areas of an organization, all for small periods of time, in anticipation of learning the organization's structure, culture, and methods. A mentor does not have to be a manager or supervisor to facilitate the process.

List Of Network Protocols

Here is a complete list of Network Protocols
Layer 1 protocols (Physical layer)

• ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
• PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
• T-carrier (T1, T3, etc.)
• E-carrier (E1, E3, etc.)
• RS-232, a serial line interface originally developed to connect modems and computer terminals
• SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
• SONET Synchronous Optical NETworking
• Modem standards/ITU V-Series Protocols used to communicate between analog modems over voice telephone lines.
• Various Ethernet physical layers

Layer 2 protocols (Data link layer)

• ARCnet
• CDP Cisco Discovery Protocol
• DCAP Data Link Switching Client Access Protocol
• Econet
• Ethernet
• FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface
• Frame Relay
• HDLC High Level Data Link Control
• LocalTalk
• L2F Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol
• L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
• LAPD Link Access Procedures on the D channel
• LLDP Link Layer Discovery Protocol
• LLDP-MED Link Layer Discovery Protocol - Media Endpoint Discovery
• PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
• PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
• SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol (obsolete)
• StarLan
• STP Spanning Tree Protocol
• Token ring
• VTP VLAN Trunking Protocol

Layer 2+3 protocols

• ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
• Frame relay, a simplified version of X.25
• MPLS Multi-protocol label switching
• Signalling System 7, also called SS7, C7 and CCIS7; a common PSTN control protocol.
• X.25

Layer 3 protocols (Network layer)

• ARP Address Resolution Protocol
• BGP Border Gateway Protocol
• EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol
• EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gataway Routing Protocol
• ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
• IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol
• IGRP Interior Gataway Routing Protocol
• IGRP Interior Gataway Routing Protocol
• IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4
• IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6
• IPSec Internet Protocol Security
• IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange
• IS-IS Intermediate system to intermediate system
• MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
• OSPF Open Shortest Path First
• RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
• RIP Routing Information Protocol

Layer 3+4 protocols

• Xerox Network Services

Layer 4 protocols (Transport layer)

• IL Originally developed as transport layer for 9P
• SPX Sequenced Packet Exchange
• SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
• TCP Transmission Control Protocol
• UDP User Datagram Protocol
• Sinec H1 for telecontrol

Layer 5 protocols (Session layer)

• 9P Distributed file system protocol developed originally as part of Plan 9
• NCP NetWare Core Protocol
• NFS Network File System
• SMB Server Message Block (aka CIFS Common Internet FileSystem)3

Layer 7 protocols (Application layer)

• AFP, Apple Filing Protocol
• BACnet, Building Automation and Control Network protocol
• BitTorrent, a peer-to-peer file sharing protocol
• BOOTP, Bootstrap Protocol
• Diameter, an authentication, authorization and accounting protocol
• DICT, Dictionary protocol
• DNS, Domain Name Service
• DHCP, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• FTP, File Transfer Protocol
• Finger, which gives user profile information
• Gnutella, a peer-to-peer file-swapping protocol
• Gopher, a hierarchical hyperlinkable protocol
• HTTP, Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• IMAP, Internet Message Access Protocol
• IRC, Internet Relay Chat protocol
• Jabber, an instant-messaging protocol
• LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
• MIME, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
• MSNP, Microsoft Notification Protocol (used by Windows Live Messenger)
• NetBIOS, File Sharing and Name Resolution protocol - the basis of file sharing with Windows.
• NNTP, News Network Transfer Protocol
• NTP, Network Time Protocol
• NTCIP, National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation System Protocol
• POP3 Post Office Protocol Version 3
• RADIUS, an authentication, authorization and accounting protocol
• Rlogin, a UNIX remote login protocol
• rsync, a file transfer protocol for backups, copying and mirroring
• RTP, Real-time Transport Protocol
• RTSP, Real-time Transport Streaming Protocol
• SSH, Secure Shell
• SISNAPI, Siebel Internet Session Network API
• SIP, Session Initiation Protocol, a signaling protocol
• SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• SNMP, Simple Network Management Protocol
• SOAP, Simple Object Access Protocol
• Telnet, a remote terminal access protocol
• TFTP, Trivial File Transfer Protocol, a simple file transfer protocol
• WebDAV, Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning

And secure versions of the above (HTTPS, etc.)Other protocols

• Controller Area Network (CAN)
• Common Industrial Protocol (CIP)
• Digital Command Control (DCC)
• DSA Distributed Systems Architecture (Honeywell Bull)
• FIX protocol
• Gateway Discovery Protocol GDP is a Cisco protocol similar to IRDP
• ICMP Router Discovery Protocol Implementation of RFC 1256
• I²C
• List of automation protocols
• Modbus
• SNA Systems Network Architecture (IBM)
• SOCKS
• STUN

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Holding, Parent & Personal Holding Companies

In the United States, Berkshire Hathaway is one of the largest publicly traded holding companies; it owns numerous insurance companies, manufacturing businesses, retailers, and other companies. Two other large holding companies of note are UAL Corporation and AMR Corporation, publicly traded holding companies whose primary purposes are to wholly own United Airlines and American Airlines, respectively.

In the United States, Berkshire Hathaway is one of the largest publicly traded holding companies; it owns numerous insurance companies, manufacturing businesses, retailers, and other companies. Two other large holding companies of note are UAL Corporation and AMR Corporation, publicly traded holding companies whose primary purposes are to wholly own United Airlines and American Airlines, respectively.

Sometimes a company intended to be a pure holding company identifies itself as such by adding "Holdings" or "(Holdings)" to its name.

A parent company is a holding company that owns enough voting stock in another firm (subsidiary) to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors. A parent company could simply be a company that wholly owns another company.

In the United States of America, a personal holding company is defined in section 542 of the Internal Revenue Code. A corporation is a personal holding company if both of the following requirements are met:

• Personal Holding Company Income Test: At least 60% of the corporation's adjusted ordinary gross income for the tax year is from dividends, interest, rent, and royalties.
• Stock Ownership Requirement: At any time during the last half of the tax year, more than 50% in value of the corporation's outstanding stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by 5 or fewer individuals.

Types Of Corporations

C-Corporation

• The C-Corporation which is a regular (or standard) corporation.
• A disadvantage of a C-Corporation is that it has to pay corporate taxes on corporate profits and when it distributes profits to its stockholders, the stockholders have to pay income tax on those dividends. The formation of a LLC or an S-Corporation will eliminate double taxation.

S-Corporation

• An S-Corporation is granted a special tax status under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). The ‘S’ stands for small business corporation.
• An S-Corporation has limited liability of a Corporation but taxes are pass through to the individual shareholders based on their proportional share ownership. That means, shareholders will be taxed based on how much shares they own in the company and not how much payout they have received.
• An S-Corporation has a limit on the number of shareholders who must be US residents.
• To qualify as an S-Corporation, your Corporation must be filed at the state level and the Corporation must not have more than 75 shareholders. All the shareholders must be a U.S. citizen or a Permanent Resident Alien with a Green Card. The Corporation can only have one class of stock.

Professional Corporation

• A professional corporation is a type of corporation which provides a service that requires a license.
• Licensed practitioners like engineers, lawyers, chiropractors, accountants, architects or doctors are required to form professional corporations.

Limited Liability Company (LLC)

• A LLC is an in-between of a corporation and a partnership.
• A LLC member can be an individual or a separate entity (e.g. a corporation or a partnership) that has a share in the LLC.
• As similar to a corporation, a LLC protects its members from personal liability for business debts and court rulings against the LLC. Only the money invested into the corporation will be at risk.
• As similar to a partnership, a LLC is formed by the filing of a certificate of formation with the Secretary of State and will be taxed like a partnership.
• Like a partnership, the members of LLCs have to create an operating agreement to state how the LLC business will be managed.
• A LLC does not restrict its owners to be US residents.
• A LLC can have more flexibility in its management style because it is controlled by the members and not by the state’s Business Corporation Act.
• A LLC is taxed as a partnership (where any income and deductions of the LLC is passed through to the members as their personal returns) unless it has been elected as a corporation.

Non-Profit

• A non-profit corporation is granted tax-exempt status under the IRC.
• Such a corporation need not pay any taxes on its income. Any person or organization who donates to a non-profit corporation can get a tax deduction for the contribution made.

Types Of Health Insurances

Health insurance protects you and your family from a financial hardship due to medical expenses in the untimely event that you are injured or become ill. There are four types of health insurance, you may need just one or you may need a combination to ensure you have the most insurance coverage possible. It is best to evaluate each type of insurance to obtain an accurate account of which type will best suit your needs.

Individual medical coverage is designed for people who do not receive this type of coverage through their employer or family. Medical supplement insurance is designed for the elderly who contribute to Medicare however, desire additional coverage to supplement expenses that Medicare won’t cover. Hospital income insurance is intended to compliment your main health insurance program. This coverage provides a prearranged daily benefit amount for unforeseen expenditures that accompany extended hospital stays for a covered sickness or injury. The fourth type of health insurance coverage is disability insurance, which comes in three different forms. Disability insurance protects you in the event you become physically or mentally disabled due to an accident or illness. This type of insurance is designed to provide you with your living expenses if a disability prevents you from working or earning a living.

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